Application of Generalized Linear Model for Correlated Health Outcomes of Children Under-five in Tanzania: A Case of Malaria, Anaemia and Fever

Abstract

Malaria, anaemia, and fever are critical public health issues in Tanzania, affecting particularly children under-five years old. Despite ongoing efforts to lower child mortality, these diseases are still prevalent, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality rates. This study investigated the patterns and common factors linked to childhood multimorbidity through the generalized linear model for correlated health outcomes. The study was based on two theoretical frameworks: the epidemiologic transition theory, and the social determinants of health theory. The analysis used data from three waves of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey conducted in 2007/08, 2011/12, and 2015/16. The findings revealed that the prevalence rates of malaria (9%–13%), anaemia (57%–70%), and fever (18%–22%) varied across the survey periods. Malaria risk increased with age, while anaemia and fever decreased as children aged. Children of mothers with no formal education had higher anaemia risks, and non-breastfed children were more likely to have fever. Other significant predictor factors included household size, maternal education, and employment status; which were consistently linked to the three health conditions across all survey years. The study recommends targeted health interventions, particularly in maternal education and breastfeeding promotion, to alleviate the burden of anaemia and fever. Strengthening malaria prevention strategies tailored to various age groups is also vital. Policy recommendations advocate for integrating maternal health education into community health programmes, promoting breastfeeding awareness, and enhancing access to child-focused healthcare services.